Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE)
Benchmarks
Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE)
Benchmarks
Gateway’s PRE implementation is optimized for both performance and security. These benchmarks provide insights into the performance characteristics of different operations across various scenarios.
Core Operations
Single Operations
| Operation | Average Time | Memory Usage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Key Generation | 5.2ms | 2.4KB | One-time cost per user |
| Transform Key Gen | 10.1ms | 3.2KB | Can be pre-computed |
| Encryption (1KB) | 2.3ms | 4.8KB | Includes DEK generation |
| Transform | 5.4ms | 2.8KB | Constant time |
| Decryption (1KB) | 2.1ms | 4.2KB | Includes DEK recovery |
Scaling with Data Size
Multi-hop Performance
Transform Chain Length Impact
| Hops | Total Time | Memory Peak | Network I/O |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4ms | 2.8KB | 1.2KB |
| 2 | 10.9ms | 3.2KB | 2.4KB |
| 3 | 16.4ms | 3.6KB | 3.6KB |
| 4 | 21.8ms | 4.0KB | 4.8KB |
Batch Processing
| Batch Size | Avg Time/Item | Total Time | Memory Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4ms | 5.4ms | 2.8KB |
| 10 | 4.2ms | 42ms | 12KB |
| 100 | 3.8ms | 380ms | 96KB |
| 1000 | 3.5ms | 3.5s | 840KB |
Network Performance
Latency Impact
Throughput
| Scenario | Operations/sec | Bandwidth Required |
|---|---|---|
| Single Node | 185 | 240KB/s |
| Cluster (3 nodes) | 520 | 680KB/s |
| Cluster (10 nodes) | 1650 | 2.1MB/s |
Hardware Impact
CPU Utilization
| Operation | Single Core | Multi Core | GPU Accelerated |
|---|---|---|---|
| Key Gen | 100% | 35% | N/A |
| Transform | 80% | 30% | N/A |
| Batch Transform | 100% | 85% | N/A |
Memory Profile
| Component | Base Usage | Peak Usage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Service | 24MB | 128MB | Per instance |
| Transform Cache | 12MB | 64MB | Configurable |
| Key Storage | 8MB | 32MB | Scales with users |
Optimization Tips
-
Batch Processing
- Group related transforms
- Pipeline operations
- Use connection pooling
-
Key Management
- Pre-compute transform keys
- Cache hot keys
- Implement key rotation
-
Network Optimization
- Use connection pooling
- Implement request batching
- Consider geographical distribution
Comparison with Other Systems
| System | Key Gen | Transform | Memory Usage | Security Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gateway PRE | 5.2ms | 5.4ms | Low | 256-bit |
| NuCypher | 8.1ms | 7.2ms | Medium | 256-bit |
| AFGH | 12.3ms | 9.8ms | High | 128-bit |
| BBS98 | 4.2ms | 4.8ms | Low | 128-bit |